Membrane bioreactors incorporating hollow fiber membranes have emerged as a powerful technology for numerous biotechnological applications. These systems offer distinct benefits such as {high{surface area-to-volume ratios, efficient mass transfer, and enhanced cell retention. This article delivers a thorough examination of hollow fiber membrane bio

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane bioreactors are considered as a promising technology for wastewater treatment due to their remarkable efficiency. This article discusses the assessment of PVDF membrane bioreactors in terms of numerous performance parameters, including removal efficiency of contaminants, microbial growth, and fouling characte

The performance of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane bioreactors in treating industrial wastewater is a subject of significant interest. These bioreactors combine the principles of biological treatment with membrane filtration to achieve high remediation rates of various contaminants. This article presents a detailed evaluation of PVDF membra